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Wenzel Associates Technical Library

• Time and Frequency Circuits and Articles including frequency synthesis and conversion.
• Crystal Oscillator Tutorial Articles cover oscillator types, terminology, and selection.
• Spreadsheets/ Programs to calculate pll response, phase noise under vibration, and others.

Techlib.com Hobby circuits and other information.

• World’s Smallest Geiger Counter
• Karen’s Electrometer
• Selected Reprints (courtesy of RF Design magazine.)

This is an Application note i used to give with my ssr - app011.pdf - Ananth

SSR or Solid State Relay or Electronic Relay

This is a Thyristor Based Normally Open 230V Switch that can be turned on / off at a fast rate. This switches at Zero Crossover .Built In Snubber reduces EMI and protects the SSR. USE SAME PHASE FOR I/P & O/P.

• No moving parts hence no wear and tear.
• Dissipates Heat when in On Condition.
• Use adequate Heat Sink or SSR will fail. ( 10g / Amp)
• Dissipation is 1.5 Watts per Amp thru Load.
• Input to Output is optically isolated 2kV.
• This one is AC 230V Control AC 230V N.O. Output.
• Off state snubber Leakage is around 5 mA.

Notes -

The Termination’s of High Current Lines going to Load must be very tight and crimped. Loose contacts will Spark and cause Fire.

Fuse Rating of HRC Fuse - High Rupture Capacity (HRC) Fuse is Safe and Reliable. 5kW Heater at 230V is 5,000 / 230 in Amps of Fuse Rating.

AirBorn Electronics Circuit Design

“AirBorn Electronics provides custom designed electronic circuitry. These pages are a How-to guide for electronic design … useful to inventors, designers, electronic engineers… anyone doing electronic research and development or gathering ideas for a new electronic product.”

• Circuit Design Library
• Design Services
• AirBorn Electronics Circuit Design Library
• Hseti PCB - AT89C2051 serial COMs to LED driver
• A how-to guide to electronic design
• Tutorial on PCB layout

This is an Application note i used to give with my controllers - app009.pdf - Ananth

Temperature Control in Plastic Injection Molding.

Terms in Process Control and Explanation.

There are three Controls to be Adjusted to make a Proportional temperature Controller Perform Properly. This method has to be practiced and experience gained from it can be used to get very good and stable Control of the temperature or other process parameters.

1. Set Point. (SP) -

This is the Temperature at which you require the Heated area to be. Here we have to remember it is better to control the temperature of the metallic area closest to heater to avoid thermal Cushions. In Rubber and Plastic Molding if you are measuring the plastic temperature directly it may give rise to oscillations and proper control may not be possible.

In Controlling the Temperature of Air or Water (Bad Conductors of Heat) Forced Convection with Fans for Air or Stirrers for Liquids can be used when Sensing temperature of the Liquid or air directly. But in Plastic such things cant be done as it is a semi-solid when heated hence. Control of Temperature of the Metal Discharging Heat to the Plastic is most practical. Oscillations are inevitable if the sensor is away from heater or is in contact with a non-conductor of heat.

2. Process Value. (PV) -

This is the Temperature at the Tip of the sensor or the material touching the tip of the sensor. In Non-Conductors of Heat like plastic if we are monitoring plastic at a certain point the temperature of the plastic will be very different at various points depending on the Distance of the Heater from that point due to thermal gradients.

3. Proportional Band or Dead band. (PB) -

Dead band or H % or Hysteresis are terms used in on / off Controllers in proportional controller we use the term proportional band.

The Temperature zone in which the Controller turns on or off The heaters in a time proportional manner is the proportional Band. Set Point 200 deg C It is Given in % e.g. 10% PB of 200 deg SP is 20 deg. the Heaters are on till 190 deg C and off above 210 deg. C. Between 190 to 210 is the PB. A little above 190 the Heaters are on for 90% time. A little below 210 Deg C the Heaters are on for 10% of the time. When SP=PV Process Value the Heaters are on for 50% of the time i.e. 50% Duty Cycle.

4. Cycle Time -

This is the repetitive rate at which the heaters are Turned on or off Room Temperature 26 deg C For a Cycle time of 12 Seconds, when PV=SP heaters are on for 5 seconds and off for 5 seconds and this goes on as long as PV=SP.

Tuning or Adjusting a Proportional Temperature Controller.

Step # 1 -

Ensure Sensor is properly connected to the Temperature Controller TC polarity reversal will show reducing reading in the Display as heat builds up. The Heaters used and wattage selected must be able to bring the temperature more than the maximum required control temperature with TC. If Supply Voltage is down or heaters are blown or not in contact TC can not solve the problem.

So when in doubt connect heaters directly to supply (without TC) and see observe maximum temperature e. g. if max. temp. is 500 deg C the TC can control temperature upto 480 deg C.

Step # 2 -

Keep PB in minimum position and power on system e. g. set temperature is 300 deg C. Now Observe maximum overshoot. and adjust proportional band as in table below.

SP 300 deg C

PV (Process Value or Measured Temperature)

After each change turn on system again to see response till 2 % or less variation or overshoot or oscillations are obtained.

Thumb Rule ! -

• Increment PB to Decrease Overshoot.
• Increment PB to Decrease Oscillations.
• Stop adjustment when PV droops < SP
• Adjust EC to match SP = PV after PV is stable at a point less than SP.

Step # 3 -

There is an additional control called Error Cal EC ( manual reset or Integral) which is factory set for SP=PV 50% duty cycle. In certain cases after stable reading is obtained after adjusting or tuning PB the temperature may stabilize say at 290 deg for a set point of 300 deg the process is stable but a ten degrees process error is present. this can be compensated in two ways.

a. Increase setpoint to 310 deg the process settles at 300 deg but this may not satisfactory even if it is practical.
b. Adjust Error Cal provided in the back panel to increase temperature to 300 deg from 290 deg.

When this is done give some time for system to respond after every 1/2 a turn 180 deg of the control. the EC control is a Ten turn potentiometer like the SP potentiometer after 10 turns the direction of turning must change. Clockwise Increase temperature Anticlockwise decrease temperature. (at min. PB setting EC pot sets the On/Off Operating Point).

Temperature Control using SSR and STC1000PK.



Mains Circuit -

Always Connect Phase to Live “L “, This Can Be “R” in a RYB System 3 Phase . “L” Live Can Be Verified by a “Neon Tester” . and it is the Energy Line (Tester Glows). “N” Neutral is the Energy return line and will be close to Earth Potential in a Neon tester it will not show a Glow. Earth “E” is the Local Earth at the site of the installation. ( “N” to “E” AC Voltage should be less than 5 Volts ideally)

SSR or Solid State Relay or Electronic Relay -

Generally this is a Thyristor Based Normally Open 230V Switch that can be turned on/off at a fast rate.

• No moving parts hence no wear and tear.
• Dissipates Heat when in On Condition.
• Use adequate Heat Sink or SSR will fail.
• Input to Output is optically isolated. very tight and crimped.
• The one used here is DC Control AC 230V 15A Load SSR.

Components and Points -

• Connect Power From Lighting (5 A) for Controller.
• 1 Phase 230V Supply With Earth
• Stainless Steel Braided (SSB) Sensor “K” Type ( SSB is Earthed )

• Heater 1 kW and 15 Amps SSR

Fuse Rating of a HRC Fuse -

High Rupture Capacity (HRC) Fuse is Safe and Reliable. 10KW Heater at 230V is 10,000 / 230 in Amps of Fuse Rating. i.e. Watts = Volts x Amps hence use
50 Amps Fuse.

Relay Terminology -

• C Common is connected to NC when Relay is off.
• NO Normally Open is Disconnected when Relay off. (connected to C when Relay on).
• NC Normally Closed is Connected to C when Relay off. (disconnected when relay on).

Relay outputs are Potential Free or Floating or at High Impedance.

Note - The Terminations of High Current Lines going to Heater must be very tight and crimped. Loose contacts will Spark and cause Fire.

Feedback and Temperature Control

System Model, Types of Feedback Control, On-Off Control, Proportional+Derivative Control, Proportional+Integral+Derivative Control, Proportional+Integral Control, Third-Order Systems..

• Computer Interfaces for Instrumentation Systems
• Introduction to Sensors
• Troubleshooting Op-Amp Circuits

Professor Mark Cseles Projects and Hobbies

All Projects employ microcontroller-based controls using the PIC series from Microchip.

Nixie Thermostat

A heating and cooling thermostat employing technologies spanning fourty years from the unique Nixie tube display, circa 1960’s, to a PIC 18F microcontroller, circa 2006.

dsPIC-Based IR Controller

An example project using a dsPIC30F2010 Digital Signal Controller chip. The proect was designed as an introduction to the chip’s features rather than as a ‘polished’ application.

A High-Powered Power Backup Inverter

The working prototype of the 2 KVA inverter is complete. Fed from an array of lead-acid cells totalling 600 Ah (at 12 Volts), it easily drives real-world loads such as single-phase motors. The inverter has been tested and found to operate at an efficiency of between 71% and 82% driving a variety of both inductive and resistive loads

A PIC-based Temperature Alarm

An alarm which warns when temperatures fall below or rise above user-settable limits. I use the prototype in my cold cellar to warn when canned goods are about to freeze and another version to control the temperature of the carboy in which I ferment wine. Features a user-friendly two-line LCD display.

CTEC1630 Home Page - a course on embedded controls

PHTN1400 Home Page - a course on laser systems